Until recently, and even in common accounts today, bodily and mental ills were viewed as separate afflictions. Although hysteria and currents of magnetic fluids provided physical hypotheses for some mental disorders, the psychoses that most distorted reality were interpreted as outcomes of warring forces of the psyche, employing energies and entities—libido, cathexis, superego—that could not …
What then, is time? If no one asks me, I know. If I wish to explain it to someone who asks, I know it not. –St. Augustine, Confessions, Book II, Sec. 14, from http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/l/levine-time.html “How long will it take?” and “When will it happen?” have always been important questions, for childbirth, travel, and rituals of …
Singing can be wonderful to listen to, and human touch has soothing properties. But the singer and the doctor rely on a lot of help from microphones and musicians, as well as stethoscopes and syringes. We are tool users. What is a cowboy without a gun? A tenderfoot. A shoe salesman without a shoe horn …
Few topics in psychology have provoked as much discussion as our emotions. They are sometimes destructive but often helpful, especially when we are making a decision. How we deal with emotions is something we learn growing up, watching others, like we learn table manners. Emotions are useful as social cues, but it’s not really something …
Where are the boundaries in forming our parts? We are each a collection of trillions of cells in a society of millions and billions of other people, yet—barring abnormalities–we feel like whole units with single identities. It’s not hard to poke holes in this identity illusion, but many of us keep searching for the essential …
People who expect fairness or perfection of evolution are bound to be disappointed. Evolution can only proceed with local forces of natural selection acting on whatever genes already exist. If genes that foster better hearts, higher IQs, and empathy do not exist, evolution has to wait for an appropriate mutation. Evolution does not improve individuals …
Despite variations in definitions, both dictionary-type and operational, the phenomenon of social status seems to be recognized across the globe. Though it is not hard to know what we mean by the term, it’s as mysterious as hiccups and love: Where does such a universal ordering come from? Social status is a social and environmental …
The social involvement of our brains is amazing. A thoroughly social brain doesn’t come to us just through biological evolution. A baby’s brain must be shaped by interactions with caregivers for optimal development. That is to say, brain development is not programmed entirely by genes but interacts with the environment beginning in the embryo. This …
You can’t learn something unless you almost know it already. Decades ago, that principle was known as Martin’s law. There’s a corollary: It’s harder to learn something strange than something familiar; or, new learning builds on old learning. These old observations are true for nonassociative learning, like habituation, and for associative learning, which asserts itself …
Psychology runs hot and cold as we sample its topics. Verbal learning, or mastering paired sets of nonsense syllables and words, was hot in the 1960s. Today few people care about it. Hypnotism was once a big deal, but not any more. The reverse can also happen. When I was an undergraduate student back in …
Some sensations seem to come out of nowhere. We lack stickiness receptors, yet we know it when we feel it. Baseball players know that a smear of pine tar improves their grip on bats and balls, but maybe they don’t know why. It’s not as simple as seeing a flash of light or hearing a …
The New Year is almost here! If you want to start it off right, here are some suggestions. Of course we know deep down that eating a sensible diet and getting a good night’s sleep on New Year’s Eve makes more sense, but our friends reinforce a departure from normal behavior. We’re familiar with children’s …